The bilayer tablet concept has long been utilized to developed sustained release formulations. Bilayer tablet has a fast releasing layer and contain second layer to sustain the drug release. A fast releasing granules lead to sudden rise in the blood concentration. However, the blood level is maintained at steady state as the drug release from the sustaining granules. Bilayer tablet consist of two layers of tablet in a single unit. This approach can be used for the treatment of various diseases which require not only single drug but also combination of drugs. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for sequential release of two drugs in combination, separate two incompatible substances and also for sustained release tablet in which one layer is immediate release as initial dose and second layer is maintenance dose. In which the one layer is formulated to obtain immediate release of the drug, with the aim of reaching a high serum concentration in a short period of time. The second layer is a controlled release, which is designed to maintain an effective plasma level for a prolonged period of time. The pharmacokinetic advantage relies on the fact that drug release from fast releasing layer leads to a sudden rise in the blood concentration. However, the blood level is maintained at steady state as the drug is released from the sustaining

Topical hydrogels of Bupivacaine HCl were developed using co-solvents and penetration enhancers. The optimized hydrogels exhibited desired consistency, homogeneity, spreadabiltity and stability. Since, the polymers were water soluble; consequently, water washable gels were formed and offered benefits like ease of application and ease of removal

The aim of this study was to develop and optimize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) anti diabetic drug glibenclamide. SLNs offer several advantages such as improved drug stability, controlled release, and enhanced bioavailability. In this STUDY, optimize the formulation variables including lipid concentration, surfactant concentration, and homogenization speed for the preparation of SLNs. The optimized SLNs exhibited a mean particle size, a narrow size distribution, and a high drug encapsulation efficiency. The characterization studies confirmed the successful incorporation of glibenclamide into the SLNs, along with sustained drug release. Additionally, the SLNs demonstrated excellent stability over a period of 3 months. In conclusion, the developed SLNs loaded with glibenclamide offer a promising strategy for improving the therapeutic efficacy of the antidiabetic drug. These findings provide a foundation for further investigations and potential translation into clinical applications for the treatment of diabetes mellitus

Semaglutide is a widely used medication for Type-2 diabetes mellitus and treats Obesity. It is administered in Oral as well as Subcutaneous Route.It is GLP-1 analogue with 94% sequence homology to human GLP-1. GLP-1 is a physiological hormone that has multiple actions in glucose and appetite regulation and in cardiovascular system. Semaglutide activates GLP receptor and increase insulin level which decrease glucose Production. It is highly lipophilic so absorb faster and produce its action quicker. There are many articles which have already been published describing analytical method and validation for the same. In Present to review account the disclosed analytical methods are outlined for the establishment of Semaglutide in its pharmaceutical preparation and Biological matrices. Analytical techniques such as UV, HPLC and UPLC Play a Pivotal role in validation of Semaglutide. HPLC Parameters like lambda max, stationary phase, mobile phase, composition, detection, wavelength, retention time are validated here. For UPLC parameters like solvent, method of detection, reports are noted. For UV spectroscopy parameters like , stationary phase, mobile phase, Run time, flow rate,(?max), are validated. In this article, we will explore the importance of UV, HPLC & UPLC in the Validation Process and their applications in Assessing Semaglutide